All manuscripts in this edition of SWARNADWIPA Journal are written and coordinated by authors from three countries, Malaysia, England and Indonesia. The collaboration between these authors has resulted in a variety of research topics covering a variety of disciplines. Through strong international cooperation, they strive to make significant contributions to the development of knowledge and research, with the hope of enriching insights in their respective fields and encouraging scientific progress globally.

All manuscripts in this edition of SWARNADWIPA Journal are written and coordinated by authors from two countries, Malaysia and Indonesia. The collaboration between these authors has resulted in a variety of research topics covering a variety of disciplines. Through strong international cooperation, they strive to make significant contributions to the development of knowledge and research, with the hope of enriching insights in their respective fields and encouraging scientific progress globally.

All manuscripts in this edition of SWARNADWIPA Journal are written and coordinated by authors from two countries, Hungary and Indonesia. The collaboration between these authors has resulted in a variety of research topics covering a variety of disciplines. Through strong international cooperation, they strive to make significant contributions to the development of knowledge and research, with the hope of enriching insights in their respective fields and encouraging scientific progress globally.