Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when significant questions arise about a published article but available evidence is not yet sufficient to justify correction or retraction.

Such notices may be appropriate when:

• A serious investigation remains unresolved.
• Relevant evidence is unavailable.
• Institutional findings are pending.
• Significant reliability concerns remain under examination.

An expression of concern must not be used as a substitute for completing an appropriate investigation.

The notice should be updated when additional findings become available.